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James Grover McDonald, the first U.S. Coding php mysqli membuat transaksi peminjaman buku. Ambassador to Israel, kept a diary from the moment he arrived in the Jewish state in 1948 until the day he finished his duties in 1951.

An academic and a journalist, he was personally chosen for the post by President Harry Truman after Washington’s recognition of Israel. At first, he served as “special representative,” but about a year later, he was officially appointed ambassador, a role he fulfilled with passion and intelligence.

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McDonald, who had been an Indiana University history professor, a member of The New York Times‘ editorial board and the League of Nations’ High Commissioner for Refugees, was a Zionist. Having witnessed the persecution of Jews in Germany and having watched European antisemitism degenerate into the Holocaust, he staunchly endorsed the idea of Jewish statehood. The pro-Arab U.S. State Department, however, took issue with Truman’s pro-Zionist policy, with Secretary of State George Marshall warning him that the United States could ill afford to alienate the Arab world by recognizing Israel. It was against this backdrop that McDonald, accompanied by his daughter Barbara Ann, set off to Israel by ship. They reached Israel in August at a critical point.

The first Arab-Israeli war was still flaring. Accommodations in Tel Aviv were scarce. Food shortages were common. It took more than a month before a satisfactory American residence could be found. The french tarrasch variation pdf file. McDonald took his job seriously and put in long hours.

He conversed with Israeli leaders. He travelled around the country. He met a steady stream of visitors ranging from the author Arthur Koestler to the Hollywood actor Edward G. McDonald’s real-time recollections are contained in an intriguing book, Envoy to the Promised Land: The Diaries and Papers of James G. McDonald, 1948-1951(Indiana University Press), a hefty 1,048-page volume edited by scholars Norman J.W. Goda, Richard Breitman and Severin Hochberg in conjunction with McDonald’s daughter, Barbara McDonald Stewart. On September 13, 1948, just four months after Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion proclaimed statehood, McDonald sent a top-secret cable to Truman and Marshall arguing there could be no “fruitful peace negotiations” between Israel and the Arab states until “Israel is definitely established.” In his response, Marshall wrote that American de jure recognition of Israel would “inflame” the Arab world.

About a month later, following Israel’s first general election, the United States granted Israel this recognition. Later that month, Israeli diplomat Abba Eban expressed “astonishment” that the United States supported the Bernadotte plan under which Israel would be required to cede the Negev to the Arabs. He added, “Haifa, with its port and oil refineries, is and must remain part of Israel.” So must Jerusalem, he said.

On September 29, the Soviet minister in Israel, Pavel Ershov, told the Associated Press that Israel’s relinquishment of the Negev would, as McDonald observed, “make way for the development of British bases to be used against Russia.” Ershov warned Israel that Moscow’s “friendly attitude” would vanish if the Israeli government gave up the Negev. In November, the State Department sent a seasoned diplomat to Tel Aviv to assess the strength of Communist penetration in Israel. McDonald had already voiced concern about the left-wing Mapam Party’s naivety toward the Soviet Union.

Ben-Gurion invited McDonald to lunch. “We lunched alone at what was the most complete meal I have had outside of one or two private homes in Israel. Gefilte fish, chicken livers on toast, delicious soup, mixed grill lettuce salad, stewed fruit and finally, fresh fruit and coffee.” McDonald’s impression of opposition leader Menachem Begin was blunt: “Begin seemed genuinely interested but not very well informed on American politics.” Chaim Weizmann, Israel’s first president, told McDonald that Israel would never surrender the Negev. If the United States reacted by imposing sanctions, he said, Israel would “of necessity and with deep regret turn to Russia for aid.” McDonald wrote that Weizmann was “so contemptuous of Arab weakness that he said the Israeli forces could take Damascus in one hour if they chose” McDonald, in a cable to Marshall on November 19, sketched his vision of Israel in the next decade. “A country much larger in population than at present, educated and highly trained and willing to be a bulwark not of the West against the East, but of its own freedom ” Truman, in a letter to McDonald on November 29, said he fully agreed with “your estimate of the importance of (the Negev) to Israel, and I deplore any attempt to take it away from Israel.” On January 23, 1949, McDonald met The New York Times‘ foreign affairs columnist Anne O’Hare McCormick. She reported that Transjordan had no intention of resuming the war and coveted the Gaza Strip.